Improving the effectiveness of development interventions by focusing on country-level ownership, alignment with national priorities, coordination, partnerships, results-based management and impact measurement. Developing, analyzing, monitoring or reviewing country, region or sector strategies. Advising on aid modalities such as general budget support, sector-wide approaches and multi-donor funds. Analysing and suggesting improvements in the field of aid effectiveness. Development of guidelines and policies to improve aid effectiveness. Capacity building of aid institutions. Helping bilateral or multilateral aid organisations or aid beneficiaries better manage development interventions so they deliver the intended results.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on interventions that are designed to reduce corruption and/or increase transparency and accountability, particularly in the public sector. Helping institutions to detect, manage and prevent fraud and corruption. Implementing appropriate control and detection measures. Incorporating anti-corruption or transparency measures into other initiatives or advising on anti-corruption and transparency issues.

Increasing the capacity of civil society actors (such as community groups, grassroots organisations, non-government organisations, interest groups, media, political parties, religious and faith-based organisations, trade unions and member associations) to contribute to development processes. Strengthening, leading or developing civil organisations so they can better fulfill their mandate. Supporting community members to come together to take collective action and generate solutions to common problems. Designing, delivering and/or advising on interventions that are targeted at civil society, either as implementers or beneficiaries of aid.

Analysing how power operates at different levels in a society and/or the interaction of a society’s political and economic processes, including the distribution of power and wealth between groups and individuals, and the processes that create, sustain and transform these relationships over time. Analysing (in conflict settings) those political, economic, social, historical and other factors that directly influence the shape and dynamics of a situation of conflict and fragility. Examining how specific elements may cause, trigger, or propel incompatible interests or violence.

Working with/within local authorities or as part of interventions to decentralize responsibilities to lower levels of government or to improve local governance. The system of public administration as it relates to local authorities. Includes for example: policy development, planning and consultation processes, coordination, management and/or organization within local authorities and between local, regional and national levels as well as devolution of responsibilities to lower levels of government.

Working with/within local authorities or as part of interventions to decentralize responsibilities to lower levels of government or to improve local governance. The system of public financial management (PFM) as it relates to local authorities. Includes for example: fiscal decentralization, devolution of taxing and spending powers from central to local government, revenues, taxation, intergovernmental transfers, fiscal policies and legislation, PFM reform, participatory budgeting, gender-responsive budgeting, local-level budgeting, investment planning, capital expenditure etc.

Working with/within local authorities or as part of interventions to decentralize responsibilities to lower levels of government or to improve local governance. Issues relating to the legislative and regulatory framework for decentralization and local self-governance. Includes for example: territorial division and reform, laws governing local authorities and local self-governance, constitutional reform, compliance with international charters, division of legal powers and authority, and municipal law.

Working with/within local authorities or as part of interventions to decentralize responsibilities to lower levels of government or to improve local governance. Any other area of experience relating to decentralization and/or local self-government.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on interventions within the education sector. Includes (public) primary, secondary and tertiary education. Does not include organizational development, professional training or capacity building. Such experience should be indicated under Project Related Competencies below or in the relevant technical area of expertise.

Specialist experience and expertise focused on planning, construction, monitoring, upgrading, maintenance and improvement of energy and/or infrastructure. Includes for example: energy efficiency, renewable energy and alternative energy sources, district heating and cooling, transportation, roads, communications infrastructure, housing. Advising local authorities and local stakeholders on energy and infrastructure issues as well as developing and monitoring policies, programmes and projects that target energy and infrastructure issues. See also Urban Planning below.

Assessing, monitoring, reviewing or advising on environmental aspects and/or climate change implications of development interventions. Includes for example: Environmental experts, ecologists and engineers, climate change specialists, biologists, experts in conducting environmental assessments and impact studies. Please use separate categories for specialist expertise in energy, urban planning, transportation, land use management, waste management, water management.

Expertise in EU-accession support, including advising on legislative, regulatory, technical and practical changes arising from actual or potential integration into the EU. Dealing with EU integration issues (policies, programmes, accession processes etc). Supporting local, regional or national authorities to adapt to EU norms, laws and policies. Building the capacity of different actors to understand and respond to European integration. Supporting member or candidate countries to access EU funding and other forms of support. Preparation of project fiches and/or technical specifications for EU funding and contracts. Experience working with policies, programmes, research, analyses and studies related to EU Cohesion Policy and European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds). Includes: conducting impact assessments and studies relating to the future development of Cohesion Policy and ESI Funds, undertaking research into the impact of other EU policies on economic, social and territorial cohesion, as well as providing research, analysis and advice on issues related to EU priorities and policies such as growth, competitiveness, research, innovation, environmental sustainability, knowledge society, social inclusion, employment and governance.

Designing, delivering, monitoring and evaluating interventions that specifically deal with gender-related issues. Includes for example: Gender mainstreaming, gender statistics, gender analyses, gender budgeting, gender-based violence, women’s economic empowerment (generally or in specific sectors), women’s political participation, men and boys, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) issues. For gender-related health issues, use Health below. Conducting analyses of gender issues and dynamics. Developing, analyzing, monitoring or reviewing gender-related strategies. Ticking this box should reflect specific knowledge of/focus on gender- related issues, rather than gender aspects of other initiatives.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on interventions within the health sector or that deal with health-related issues including HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health. Advising on management and governance within the health system including provision of health services at the local, regional or national level.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on human rights issues and interventions. Includes for example: freedom of expression, free and independent media, right to vote, freedom of assembly, freedom of association, human rights systems, human rights-based approach to development, non-discrimination, support to actors and institutions that defend/promote democratic values and human rights, human rights law, children’s rights and human security.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in government. This includes the use of ICT to deliver public services electronically; to improve the convenience, accessibility and quality of interactions with citizens and businesses; to improve information flows and processes within government; to gather and manage information required for public administration; or to improve the speed and quality of policy development, coordination and enforcement. Also includes the use of ICT in democracy, such as use of ICT and social media to engage citizens in issues that affect them.

Focused on how land is used and developed, including: spatial planning and analysis; land policies; land information management; rural, urban and peri-urban development; land use modelling and decision making; housing and informal settlements; and zoning.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on interventions that enable citizens to engage in and influence decisions that affect their lives, and increasing the accountability of local authorities to citizens. Includes for example: citizen participation in local consultation and decision-making processes, dialogue between citizens and local authorities, constructive co-operation between politicians and civil servants, participatory planning processes, increasing the accountability of local authorities and politicians to their constituents, gender equality and inclusiveness of minority groups, governance reform and local autonomy.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on initiatives that promote economic development on local/regional level. Includes for example: Improving the local investment climate; Improving interactions between municipalities and local businesses; Supporting small and medium sized enterprises; Encouraging the formation of new enterprises; Attracting external investment; Investing in physical (hard) infrastructure; Investing in soft infrastructure (eg educational and workforce development, institutional support systems and regulatory issues); Supporting the growth of particular clusters of businesses; and targeting certain disadvantaged groups. Designing, delivering and/or advising on initiatives that improve economic opportunities, livelihoods and market access for rural communities.

Supporting local or regional authorities to better plan, finance and deliver services to citizens. Includes for example: Business process mapping and re-design, measuring citizen satisfaction and municipal performance, benchmarking and comparison across municipalities, capacity development of individuals (especially politicians, civil servants), organisational development, increasing customer focus of local and regional authorities, establishing one-stop-shops or other mechanisms for effective service delivery, improving the processes for planning, financing and managing municipal tasks and services. Also includes support to specific areas/sectors of local service delivery whether through local or regional authorities or other bodies such as municipal companies or non-government organisations. Where there is specific technical competence (such as in energy, infrastructure, waste management etc), please also tick that area of expertise in the list.

Security during conflict (for example peace keeping) and in peace. Includes for example: Peace building, human security, state building (supporting civic engagement in new governing institutions that arise in post-conflict settings), dialogue during conflict, transitional justice and reconciliation, civil-military engagement, demining and disarming, conflict analyses, post-conflict reconstruction and development, support to local actors in conflict and post-conflict settings.

Development of parliaments, political party systems and electoral processes at various levels. Includes work with parliaments, emerging and existing political party systems, political parties and affiliated organizations, political party activists and social movements and support to legislation, regulations, and relations within the political system. Support to electoral processes including electoral reforms; support to national and local electoral commissions; elections observation, voter registration, and voter education; support to civic and voter education. Encouraging and enabling the political participation of women, young people and minorities.

Relates to the development, improvement and capacity building of public administration at all levels. (Where there is a clear focus on local public administration, use instead Decentralization and local self-governance -Administration system). Includes support to reform processes; institutional and organisational development; functions such as planning, human resource management, information management; conducting assessments and diagnostics and building the capacity of public servants and public institutions.

Designing, delivering and/or advising on interventions related to public financial management (PFM). This includes any or all phases of the budget cycle, including the preparation of government budgets, internal control and audit, monitoring and reporting arrangements, and external audit. Helping public entities achieve overall fiscal discipline, allocation of resources to priority needs, and efficient and effective allocation of public services. For PFM support that is specifically targeted at local authorities, engages with citizens at local level or deals with different levels of government, use Decentralization and local self-governance – Fiscal System above.

Developing, managing or monitoring communications for an external audience, including the general public. Includes for example: marketing, public relations, communications, journalism, branding, social marketing and public awareness campaigns.

Technical and advisory support related to the procurement of goods and services on behalf of a public authority. Includes for example: legal, regulatory, policy, financial, contract management and compliance aspects. Scoping, managing or advising on public-private partnerships (PPPs) in various forms, as well as the legislative, policy and regulatory framework for PPPs. Supporting different actors in the development, implementation and monitoring of PPPs.

Support to the legal and justice system which develops, administers, and enforces laws and protects fundamental rights. Includes for example: Support to legal and judicial reforms; legal awareness & education; legal assistance; development of laws and legal procedures; education of legal practitioners and judges; mechanisms for redress & conflict resolution; support to policing; and improved transparency and accountability within the legal and justice system.

Urban development and management with a specific focus on factors that impact long-term social, economic and environmental wellbeing. Includes environmental factors, such as efficient use of resources, energy, water, waste, pollution, natural systems and identification of synergy effects to support sustainable development; social factors such as housing and living environments, social inclusion, safety and security, access to public services, community participation and involvement, and cultural heritage; and economic factors such as livelihoods, investment in environmentally friendly infrastructure, services and systems, and cooperation between private and public sectors actors etc.

Transportation issues including urban transit systems, roads, parking, traffic flows, traffic-related environmental and social issues.

Any other area of experience relating to urban development not covered in other categories.

Technical and political planning process concerned with the welfare of people, control of the use of land, design of the urban environment including transportation and communication networks, and protection and enhancement of the natural environment. Includes interdisciplinary research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation and participation, policy recommendations, implementation and management.

Support or advice related to the system for collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Encompasses technical support to all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials, as well as support for policy development, political processes and stakeholder engagement. Also includes innovative approaches to waste management and how to link waste to other urban sectors including energy.

Planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. Encompasses technical support to all processes related to the system for managing water resources and support for policy development, political processes and stakeholder engagement as well as expertise in transformation of water into energy e.g. through hydro power or heating/cooling systems.

Building the capacity of associations of local authorities. Includes both support and capacity building, and developing associations (in any form) in countries where such organisations are absent.

Managing or facilitating processes of change, typically within organisations, systems, or geographic areas. Helping teams, individuals and organisations transition to a desired future state.

Rebuilding and reform in post-conflict situations.

Conceptualising, scoping, describing and developing initiatives or sets of initiatives i.e. projects, programmes or portfolios of projects. This indicates early-stage project preparation and development work following on from a feasibility study. It focuses on what should be done, why, how and by whom and typically guides how grant funding will be spent or how contracts will be performed.

Assignment/s where the primary function is to provide expert advice on a specific topic based on existing expertise and experience. If the main purpose is to investigate an issue and uncover new information (rather than advise) select Research, analyses and assessments.

The management of grants programs, funds, or grants components of projects.

Attracting, motivating, developing and managing people in organisations. This includes for example experience in policies and processes for merit-based recruitment, personal and team development, performance management and standards, workforce planning, remuneration (including standardised pay grades) and termination. It also includes industrial relations policies and issues such as collective bargaining and labour law. The focus is on individuals and teams; for organisational interventions use Organisational development.

Moderator, facilitator or speaker at conferences and in other settings where the main task is to facilitate discussion between participants rather than to provide one’s own advice or views.

Developing processes, systems and structures that increase an organization's effectiveness and/or efficiency and/or enable the organization to achieve its strategic goals. The primary purpose of organisational development is to develop the organisation, not to train or develop the staff (covered under Human resource management and/or Training and capacity building).

Includes the formulation, or assisting in the formulation, of policies and strategies.

An elected representative that speaks and advocates on the behalf of constituents (voters in a specific geographic area) regarding governmental issues that affect their lives. Includes mayors, councilors, member of parliament, etc.

Managing or coordinating activities as part of a project. May include tasks such as project budgeting and financial management, planning, managing and controlling the implementation of activities, overseeing and reporting on project progress, managing experts and staff, and liaising with project stakeholders.

Undertaking qualitative or quantitative research into a specific issue or question. Includes gathering and analysing data from various sources and potentially making a judgment about something based on that data. It includes feasibility studies that assess the practicality of a proposed plan or method.

Developing results frameworks that set out what development interventions will achieve, as well as monitoring and reporting on results achieved. Specific competence in the Logical Framework approach and/or Results Based Management. Independent evaluation of development interventions (strategies, programs, projects, activities, etc).

This role can have different titles but generally means fulfilling duties as the top leader of a large, complex project or initiative. Responsible for the complete oversight and overall delivery of a project or initiative. May also include similar roles from other organisations eg Chief Executive Officer, Managing Director.

Improving knowledge, skills, experience or expertise in order for individuals to effectively fulfil their roles. Conducting needs analysis to identify areas where skills and knowledge need to be improved. Designing curriculum, training programmes and other forms of capacity building to meet identified needs. Developing training content and materials, conducting and/or evaluating training. Includes other forms of capacity building support such as seminars, workshops, mentoring, study visits, learning exchanges, action learning and teaching at a university.